OCCURRENCE

A geographic distribution database of the cassava whitefly complex (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae) and their associated parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera)

最新版本 由 Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical - CIAT 發佈於 2022年1月6日 Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical - CIAT
Whiteflies (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae) are represented by more than 1500 herbivorous species around the world. Some of them are notorious pests of cassava (Manihot esculenta), a primary food crop in the tropics. Whitefly populations are regulated mainly by Hymenopteran parasitoids. Despite their importance, neither the distribution of cassava whiteflies, nor that of their associated parasitoids, is well documented. This paper therefore reports observational and specimen-based occurrence records of cassava whiteflies and their associated parasitoids and hyperparasitoids. The dataset consists of 1,311 distribution records documented by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) between 1975 and 2012. The specimens are held at CIAT’s Arthropod Reference Collection (CIATARC). Eleven... 增加顯示內容
發布日期:
2022年1月6日
授權條款:
CC-BY-NC 4.0

說明

Whiteflies (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae) are represented by more than 1500 herbivorous species around the world. Some of them are notorious pests of cassava (Manihot esculenta), a primary food crop in the tropics. Whitefly populations are regulated mainly by Hymenopteran parasitoids. Despite their importance, neither the distribution of cassava whiteflies, nor that of their associated parasitoids, is well documented. This paper therefore reports observational and specimen-based occurrence records of cassava whiteflies and their associated parasitoids and hyperparasitoids. The dataset consists of 1,311 distribution records documented by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) between 1975 and 2012. The specimens are held at CIAT’s Arthropod Reference Collection (CIATARC). Eleven species of whiteflies, 14 species of parasitoids and one species of hyperparasitoids are reported. Approximately 66% of the whitefly records belong to Aleurotrachelus socialis and 16% to Bemisia tuberculata. The parasitoids with most records are Encarsia hispida, Amitus macgowni and E. bellottii for A. socialis; and E. sophia for B. tuberculata. The complete dataset is available in Darwin Core Archive format via the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF).

資料紀錄

此資源出現紀錄的資料已發佈為達爾文核心集檔案（DwC-A），其以一或多組資料表構成分享生物多樣性資料的標準格式。 核心資料表包含 1,311 筆紀錄。

此 IPT 存放資料以提供資料儲存庫服務。資料與資源的詮釋資料可由「下載」單元下載。「版本」表格列出此資源的其它公開版本，以便利追蹤其隨時間的變更。

下載

下載最新版本的 Darwin Core Archive (DwC-A) 資源，或資源詮釋資料的 EML 或 RTF 文字檔。

DwC-A資料集 下載 1,311 紀錄 在 English 中 (94 kB) - 更新頻率: 有可能更新，但不確知何時
元數據EML檔 下載 在 English 中 (40 kB)
元數據RTF文字檔 下載 在 English 中 (31 kB)

版本

以下的表格只顯示可公開存取資源的已發布版本。

如何引用

研究者應依照以下指示引用此資源。:

Vásquez-Ordóñez, A. A., Hazzi, N., Escobar-Prieto, J. D., Paz-Jojoa, D., Parsa, S. (2015) A geographic distribution database of the cassava whitefly complex (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae) and their associated parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera), 1311 records, On line, , published on 05/15/2015.

權利

研究者應尊重以下權利聲明。:

此資料的發布者及權利單位為 Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical - CIAT。 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC-BY-NC) 4.0 License.

GBIF 註冊

此資源已向GBIF註冊，並指定以下之GBIF UUID: c6f4c2de-3b71-4ebd-9c98-c21537548f07。  Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical - CIAT 發佈此資源，並經由Colombian Biodiversity Information System同意向GBIF註冊成為資料發佈者。

關鍵字

Cassava whiteflies; whitefly parasitoids; whitefly hyperparasitoids; CIAT’s Arthropod Reference Collection (CIATARC).; Occurrence; Observation; VALLE_DEL_CAUCA; Occurrence

聯絡資訊

資源建立者:

Aymer Andrés Vásquez Ordóñez
Research Assistant
Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT
Km 17 Recta Cali-Palmira
6713 Cali
Valle del Cauca
CO
+57 (2) 4450000
http://ciat.cgiar.org/

可回覆此資源相關問題者:

Aymer Andrés Vásquez Ordóñez
Research Assistant
Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT
Km 17 Recta Cali-Palmira
6713 Cali
Valle del Cauca
CO
+57 (2) 4450000
http://ciat.cgiar.org/

元數據填寫者:

Aymer Andrés Vásquez Ordóñez
Research Assistant
Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT
Km 17 Recta Cali-Palmira
6713 Cali
Valle del Cauca
CO
+57 (2) 4450000
http://ciat.cgiar.org/

與此資源的相關者:

研究主持人
Aymer Andrés Vásquez Ordóñez
Research Assistant
Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT
Km 17 Recta Cali-Palmira
6713 Cali
Valle del Cauca
CO
+57 (2) 4450000
http://ciat.cgiar.org/
作者
Nicolas Hazzi
Estudiante de Pregrado
Universidad del Valle, Departamento de Biología, Sección Entomología
Calle 13 # 100-00
25360 Cali
Valle del Cauca
CO
+57 2 3212100
http://www.univalle.edu.co/
作者
Soroush Parsa
Researcher
Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT
Km 17 Recta Cali-Palmira
6713 Cali
Valle del Cauca
CO
+57 (2) 4450000
http://ciat.cgiar.org/
作者
Juan David Escobar-Prieto
Estudiante de Pregrado
Universidad del Valle, Departamento de Biología, Sección Entomología
Calle 13 # 100-00
25360 Cali
Valle del Cauca
CO
+57 2 3212100
http://www.univalle.edu.co/
作者
Dario Paz-Jojoa
Estudiante de Pregrado
Universidad de Nariño, Departamento de Biologia
Clle 18 Cr 50
1175 Pasto
Nariño
CO
+57 2 7311449
http://www.udenar.edu.co/

地理涵蓋範圍

Most of the distribution records belong to South America (Brazil, Colombia Ecuador and Venezuela) and Central America (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama). Colombia and Venezuela are the best represented countries, followed by Brazil and Ecuador. There are also seven records of whiteflies from Asia (Lao and Thailand).

界定座標範圍 緯度南界 經度西界 [-25.389, -89.869], 緯度北界 經度東界 [17.958, 104.722]

分類群涵蓋範圍

Most records were identified to the species level (whiteflies: 97%; parasitoids and hyperparasitoids: 73%) by expert entomologists. Experts identifying over 20 records were Gregory A. Evans, María del Pilar Hernández, Sueo Nakahara and Louise M. Russell. Whitefly records belong to nine genera and eleven species, whereas parasitoid records belong to eight genera and 14 species. The dataset also includes four records of the genus Signiphora, considered a genus of whitefly hyperparasitoids (Evans 2007b).

Genus  Anagyrus,  Aphanogmus,  Eretmocerus,  Euderomphale,  Metaphycus,  Paraleyrodes,  Aleur
Species  Signiphora aleyrodis Ashmead,  Aleuroctonus vittatus (Dozier),  Aleurodicus dispersus Russell,  Aleurodicus flavus Hempel,  Aleuroglandulus subtilis Bondar,  Aleurothrixus aepim (Goldi),  Aleurotrachelus sociales Bondar,  Amitus fuscipennis MacGown & Nebeker,  Amitus macgowni Evans & Castillo,  Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius),  Bemisia tuberculata Bondar,  Encarsia americana (DeBach & Rose),  Encarsia bellotti Evans & Castillo,  Encarsia cubensis Gahan,  Encarsia desantisis Viggiani,  Encarsia guadeloupae Viggiani,  Encarsia hispida De Santis,  Encarsia luteola Howard,  Encarsia nigricephala Dozier,  Encarsia pergandiella Howard,  Encarsia sophia (Girault & Dodd),  Encarsia tabacivora Viggiani,  Tetraleurodes ursorum (Cockerell),  Trialeurodes similis Russell,  Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood),  Trialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance)

時間涵蓋範圍

起始日期 / 結束日期 1975-01-10 / 2012-03-11

計畫資料

無相關描述

計畫名稱 Management of RTB Critical Pest and Diseases under Changing Climates, through Risk Assessment, Surveillance and Modeling.
經費來源 This project was supported by the Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB) Research Program of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR).
研究區域描述 Most of the distribution records belong to South America (Brazil, Colombia Ecuador and Venezuela) and Central America (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama). Colombia and Venezuela are the best represented countries, followed by Brazil and Ecuador. There are also seven records of whiteflies from Asia (Lao and Thailand).
研究設計描述 The purpose of this dataset is to broadly and openly share geographic distribution data for the cassava whitefly complex and their associated parasitoids and hyperparasitoids. Prior to this contribution, we found no records of these arthropod species in cassava at the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal (accessed 04/05/2015). To bridge this gap, our paper submits 1,311 distribution records (whiteflies: 841; parasitoids: 466; hyperparasitoids: 4), documented by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) between 1975 and 2012. More than half of these records correspond to specimens preserved at CIAT’s Arthropod Reference Collection (CIATARC). Most of the whitefly records correspond to Aleurotrachelus socialis Bondar and Bemisia tuberculata Bondar. In turn, most parasitoid records belong to Encarsia hispida De Santis, Amitus macgowni Evans & Castillo and E. bellotti Evans & Castillo for A. socialis; and E. sophia (Girault & Dodd) for B. tuberculata. We believe this dataset should be of particular interest to whitefly biologists, cassava entomologists and national plant protection organizations (NPPOs) in tropical countries.

參與計畫的人員:

研究主持人
Soroush Parsa

取樣方法

The records in the dataset have been documented in three ways: 1) Records from CIAT’s initial field explorations to document pests in cassava (CIAT 1974, 1985; 0.7% records, between 1975-1989). 2) Records documented during the “Biological Control of Whiteflies by Indigenous Natural Enemies for Major Food Crops in the Neotropics Projects” and participation in “Global Whitefly IPM Project” led by CIAT, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CENIAP), Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), The University of Florida and Corporación Colombiana de Investigacion Agropecuaria (Corpoica) (CIAT 1995, 2002, Bellotti et al. 1996, 1999, 2000, 2005, Bellotti 2001, Arias and Bellotti 2002, CIAT et al. 1998, Castillo 1996, López-Ávila et al. 2001, Hernandez and Bellotti 2002, 2004, Holguín et al. 2002, Trujillo et al. 2004, Herrera et al. 2006, Hernández et al. 2009; 95.7% records, between 1990-2007). 3) Records from other sources; including field inspections and collections conducted during routine farm visits by CIAT personnel, and specimens submitted to CIATARC by fellow institutions and researchers (Adriano Muñoz and Gerardino Perez, pers. comm. November 29, 2014; 2.6% records between 2008-2012). The records resulted from one of two sampling methods. The first method was designed to identify parasitoids associated with dominant whitefly species on farmer’s fields. One middle-canopy leaf infested with whiteflies was collected from each of 40-100 randomly-selected plants per field. A disc of 2.54 cm2 was excised from the leaf lobe with the highest density of whitefly pupae. The single most abundant whitefly species per disc was identified and individuals not belonging to that species were eliminated by puncturing them with a needle. The disc samples were then individually placed in 25-ml glass vials and held for 2-3 days at 24.5+ 4 °C and 70 + 5% relative humidity under laboratory conditions until parasitoids emerged (Bellotti et al. 1999, 2000, Trujillo et al. 2004). The second method corresponds to opportunistic collections during routine farm visits by CIAT personnel, when leaves infested with whitefly pupae would be collected in vials with 70% alcohol and submitted to the CIATARC for their subsequent identification (Herrera et al. 2006). All formally-submitted samples were mounted and are preserved at the CIATARC. Out database does not indicate which sampling method was used for each record.

研究範圍 Most of the distribution records belong to South America (Brazil, Colombia Ecuador and Venezuela) and Central America (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama). Colombia and Venezuela are the best represented countries, followed by Brazil and Ecuador. There are also seven records of whiteflies from Asia (Lao and Thailand).
品質控管 Record validation and cleaning was incorporated at several steps of the documentation process, following guideless by Chapman (2005a, b). The scientific names on labels were checked with a taxonomic thesaurus developed by AAV. This thesaurus compiled all known synonyms and spelling variants of the scientific names used for our focal species. We assigned scientific names in accordance to current taxonomy trends (Whiteflies: Evans 2007a; Parasitoids and hyperparasitoids: Woolley 1988, Polaszek et al. 2004, Evans 2007b, Johnson 2007, 2015, Noyes 2014; Plant associated: Tropicos 2014). Geographic coordinates were verified using the “Check Coordinates” function in DIVA-GIS (Hitmans et al. 2001). For this last step, we relied on the Global Administrative Unit Layers (GAUL) shape file developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO 2015), and official shape of administrative division of Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela (IBGE 2007, INEC 2011, SIGOT 2011, IVIC 2007). Ajuste de vocabularios controlados en: Elementos geográficos: stateProvince y county;

方法步驟描述:

  1. The dataset integrates two data flows: observational records and specimen-based records, identified either to genus or to species. The former were digitized from field diagnostic forms recorded by personnel extensively trained in whiteflies and parasitoids identification. These identifications, however, were likely conducted on site without mounting and preserving samples. Alternatively, these observations may correspond to properly-mounted but lost specimens. In either case, our confidence in the identification of observational records is high to the genus level, but moderate to the species level. On the other hand, the specimen-based records belong to verifiable samples properly-preserved at CIATARC. We followed the guidelines of Martin (1987) and Hodges & Evans (2005) for whitefly slide preparations, and Noyes (1982) for parasitoid and hyperparasitoid preparations. Unique accession numbers were assigned to all records. All biodiversity data available (i.e. specimen, species identification, name of determiner, sex, locality, date, habitat, host, collector and observations) was digitized in a Microsoft Excel 2010 spreadsheet adopting the Darwin Core Archive format v1.2 (Wieczorek et al. 2012). We updated locality fields (e.g., district, municipality) using the most current names and classifications of administrative divisions used by each country (e.g. http://www.dane.gov.co/Divipola/ for Colombia, http://www.inec.gob.ec/estadisticas/?option=com_content&view=article&id=80 for Ecuador, etc. [accessed 2014/11/14]). Based on their locality names, we then geocoded the records using Google Maps (https://maps.google.com/), Geolocate (http://www.museum.tulane.edu/geolocate/), GeoNames (http://www.geonames.org/) or with georeference indicated in scientific articles (Calderón et al. 1994, Eiszner et al. 1996, Navia Estrada et al. 2006, Cuadros et al. 2011, Gutiérrez R. et al. 2011). GPS coordinates were converted to decimal degrees. The dataset with metadata was uploaded to the Integrated Publishing Toolkit (IPT) of the Colombia node of Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF).

收藏資料

蒐藏名稱 CIAT Arthropod Reference Collection
蒐藏編號 Registro Nacional de Colecciones Biológicas: 208
上層採集品識別碼 CIATARC
標本保存方法 Microscopic preparation

引用文獻

  1. Arias B, Bellotti AC (2002) Biological control of cassava whiteflies; surveys of cassava plantations in Yopal, Casanare, Colombia for parasitoid natural enemies. In CIAT (Ed) Project PE-1: Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Major Agroecosytems in the Americas. Annual Report 2002. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical,CIAT, Cali, Colombia, 13 pp.
  2. Bellotti AC (2001) Identification, Quantification and Analysis of Major Arthropod Complexes. In CIAT (ed.) Project PE-1: Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Major Agroecosytems in the Americas. Annual Report 2001. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT, Cali, Colombia, 211 pp.
  3. Bellotti A, Alvarez E, Calvert L, Smith L, Lapointe S, Ospina B, El-Sharkawy M, Muller K, Howeler R, Riis L, Bertschy C (1996) Project 7: Integrated Cassava Crop Management in Major Agroecosystems of Latin America and Asia. Annual Report 1996. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT, Cali, Colombia, 60 pp.
  4. Bellotti AC, Alvarez E, Calvert L, Calatayud PA, Anderson P, Buruchara R, Ampofo K (1999) Project PE-1: Integrated Pest Management in Major Agroecosytems in the Americas. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT, Cali, Colombia, 136 pp.
  5. Bellotti AC, Calatayud PA, Dorn B, Alvarez E, Peck D, Calvert L, Buruchara R, Ampofo K, Anderson P (2000) Project PE-1: Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Major Agroecosytems in the Americas. Annual Report 2000. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT, Cali, Colombia, 190 pp.
  6. Bellotti A, Peña J, Arias B, Guerrero JM, Trujillo H, Holguín C, Ortega A. 2005. Biological Control of Whiteflies by Indigenous Natural Enemies for Major Food Crops in the Neotropics. Chapter 5.2. In: Anderson PK, Morales FJ (Eds) Whitefly and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics: Building a Knowledge Base for Global Action. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT, Cali, Colombia, 313-323.
  7. Castillo JA (1996) Moscas blancas (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) y sus enemigos naturales sobre cultivos de yuca (Manihot esculenta Crants) en Colombia. MSc thesis, Cali, Colombia: Universidad del Valle.
  8. Calderón LF, Dardón D, Salguero V (1994) Efecto de coberturas del suelo sobre poblaciones de mosca blanca (Bemisia tabaci) y acolochamiento en tomate. In: Dardon Avila DE, Salguero Nava V (Eds). Proyecto MIP-ICTA-CATIE-ARF. Manejo Integrado de la mosca blanca en tomate. Fase II: 1992-1993. CIVBA. Guatemala, 45-54.
  9. Chapman AD (2005a) Principles and Methods of Data Cleaning – Primary Species and Species-Occurrence Data, version 1.0. Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Copenhagen, 75 pp.
  10. Chapman AD (2005b) Principles of Data Quality, version 1.0. Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Copenhagen, 61 pp.
  11. CIAT (1974) Informe Anual CIAT 1974. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT, Cali, Colombia, 286 pp.
  12. CIAT (1985) Annual Report 1985. Cassava Program. Working Document No. 38. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT, Cali, Colombia, 371 pp.
  13. CIAT (1995) Annual Report 1994-1995. Cassava Program. Working Document No. 168. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT, Cali, Colombia, 611 pp.
  14. CIAT (2002) Project PE-1: Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Major Agroecosytems in the Americas. Annual Report 2002. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT, Cali, Colombia, 264 pp.
  15. CIAT, ITTA, EMBRAPA/CNPMF (1998) Ecologically Sustainable Cassava Plant Protection in South America and Africa: An Environmentally Sound Approach.1997 Annual report of Activities in South America. Centro International de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT; The International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, ITTA; Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Mandioca e Frutas Tropicais, Embrapa/CNPMF, 115 pp.
  16. Cuadros G. GA, Gómez S. R, Rodríguez L. NF (2011) Asociación simbiótica entre hongos micorrízicos arbusculares y el sistema radicular de plántulas de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.): efecto de la formononetina y la disponibilidad de fósforo en el suelo. Revista Corpoica Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria 12(1): 77-85.
  17. Eiszner H, Blandón V, Pohlan J (1996) Rotación de Cultivos en Algodón-Impactos Agronómicos y Ecológicos. Der Tropenladwir, Beiträge zur tropischen Landwirtschaft und Veterinärmedizin, 97: 75-83.
  18. Evans, GA (2007a) The whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) of the world and their host plants and natural enemies. http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/whitefly/PDF_PwP%20ETC/world-whitefly-catalog-Evans.pdf [accessed 04-05-2015].
  19. Evans, GA (2007b) Parasitoids (Hymenoptera) associated with whiteflies (Aleyrodidae) of the world. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov:8080/1WF/parasitoidcatalog.pdf [accessed 04-05-2015].
  20. Gutiérrez R. M, Gómez S. R, Rodríguez L. NF (2011) Comportamiento del crecimiento de plántulas de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), en vivero, sembrada en diferentes volúmenes de sustrato. Revista Corpoica Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria 12(1): 33-42.
  21. Hernández MP, Bellotti AC (2002) Arthropod taxonomic activities on cassava and other crops Activity 1. In: CIAT (Ed) Project PE-1: Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Major Agroecosytems in the Americas. Annual Report 2002. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT, Cali, Colombia, 1-5.
  22. Hernández MP, Guerrero JM, Bellotti A (2004) Arthropod taxonomic activities on CIAT commodity crops. Cassava Entomology, Activity 1. In: CIAT (Ed) Project PE-1: Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Major Agroecosytems. Project PE-1-Annual Report 2004. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT, Cali, Colombia, 1-5.
  23. Herrera CJ, Holguin C, Muñoz A, Bellotti AC (2006) Integrated management of whiteflies (Homoptera:Aleyrodidae) on cassava. Activity 4.2. In: CIAT (ed) Crop and Agroecosystem Health Management, Project PE-1-Annual Report 2006. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT, Cali, Colombia, 210-219.
  24. Hitmans RJ, Guarino L, Cruz M, Rojas E (2001) Computer tools for spatial analysis of plant genetic resources data: 1. Diva-Gis. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter 127:15-19.
  25. Hodges GS, Evans GA (2005) An identification guide to the whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) of the Southeastern United States. Florida Entomologist 88(4): 518-534.
  26. Holguín C, Muñoz A, Mendoza CE, Bellotti AC (2002) The estabilishment of an IPM program for cassava whiteflies in Valle del Cauca y Cauca deparments in Colombia. In: CIAT (Ed) Project PE-1: Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Major Agroecosytems in the Americas. Annual Report 2002. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT, Cali, Colombia, 14-24.
  27. IBGE (2000) Municipio 2007. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografía e Estatística. ftp://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/malhas_digitais/municipio_2007/escala_2500mil/proj_geografica_sirgas2000/brasil/55mu2500gsr.zip [accessed 04-05-2015].
  28. INEC (2011) División Política Administrativa Ecuador-Nacional por Parroquias. http://www.inec.gob.ec/estadisticas//?option=com_content&view=article&id=299 [accessed 04-05-2015].
  29. IVIC (2007) Mapas de Venezuela. División de Municipios. http://www.ivic.gob.ve/ecologia/lpydv/internas/?mod=galeriaMapas.php [accessed 04-05-2015].
  30. Johnson NF (2007) Hymenoptera Name Server. http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymDB/nomenclator.home_page [accessed 04-05-2015].
  31. Johnson NF (2015) Platygastroidea. http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymDB/ eol_scelionidae.home [accessed 04-05-2015].
  32. López-Ávila A, Cardona Mejía C, García González J, Rendón F, Hernández P (2001) Reconocimiento e identificación de enemigos naturales de moscas blancas (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) en Colombia y Ecuador. Revista de la Sociedad Colombiana de Entomología, Socolen 27(3-4): 137-141.
  33. Martín JH (1987) An identification guide to common whitefly pest species of the world (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Tropical Pest Management 33(4): 298-322.
  34. Navia Estrada J, Barrios E, Sánchez M (2006). Efecto de aportes superficiales de biomasa vegetal en la temperatura, humedad y dinámica de nemátodos en el suelo en época seca en Santander de Quilichao (Departamento del Cauca). Acta Agronómica 55(2), 9-14.
  35. Noyes JS (1982) Collecting and preserving chalcid wasp (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Journal of Natural History 16 (3): 315-334.
  36. Noyes JS (2014) Universal Chalcidoidea Database. World Wide Web electronic publication. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/chalcidoids [accessed 04-05-2015].
  37. Polaszek A, Manzari S, Quicke DLJ (2004) Morphological and molecular taxonomic analysis of the Encarsia meritoria species-complex (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae), parasitoids of whiteflies (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae) of economic importance. Zoologica Scripta 33(5): 403-421.
  38. SIGOT (2011). Mapa Topográfico de la República de Colombia Escala 1:500000. http://sigotn.igac.gov.co/sigotn/frames_metadato.aspx?id=6923782, http://sigotn.igac.gov.co/sigotn/ [accessed 04-05-2015].
  39. Tropicos (2014) Tropicos. org. Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.tropicos.org [accessed 04-05-2015].
  40. Trujillo HE, Arias B, Guerrero JM, Hernandez P, Bellotti A, Peña JE (2004) Survey of parasitoids of whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in cassava growing regions of Colombia and Ecuador. Florida Entomologist 57(3): 268-273.
  41. Wieczorek J, Bloom D, Guralnick R, Blum S, Döring M, Giovanni R, Tobertson T, Vieglais D (2012) Darwin Core: An Evolving Community-Developed Biodiversity Data Standard. PLoS ONE 7(1): e29715.
  42. Wolley JB (1988) Phylogeny and classification of the Signiphoridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Systematics Entomology 13: 465-501.

額外的詮釋資料

替代的識別碼 doi:10.15472/5eycqu
c6f4c2de-3b71-4ebd-9c98-c21537548f07
https://ipt.biodiversidad.co/sib/resource?r=ciat_002